Map with the First through Fourth Crusades, from Atlas of the Middle East (Central Intelligence Agency, 1993) Armies of French European crusaders, or “Franks,” conquered Jerusalem and neighboring territories, established Crusader States, and asserted their leadership over the region and its divers e populations. Believing that their actions were divinely sanctioned, an army of European Christians set off on crusade, with the indigenous Muslim, Christian, and Jewish populations that they encountered often suffering from their religious zeal. Between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, western European Christians undertook a series of crusades (military expeditions) with the hope of recovering the Holy Land from Muslim hands. Its sacred landscape, encompassing the former ancient Jewish Temple, the shrines associated with Jesus’ life, and the site of the Prophet Muhammad’s Night Journey ( isra) and Ascension ( mi’raj), among many others, created an exceptional atmosphere of holiness. Unlike nearly any other place, the Holy Land (encompassing the city of Jerusalem and its environs), has continuously ignited the passions of the followers of the three monotheistic faiths-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook. Not your grandfather’s art history: a BIPOC Reader.With 503 contributors from 201 colleges, universities, museums, and researchĬenters, Smarthistory is the most-visited art history resource in the world. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. At Smarthistory, the Center for Public Art History, we believe art has the power to transform lives and to build understanding across cultures.
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